Karate-Do Roots
Most
martial arts historians agree on the legend of a man who journeyed
across the Himalaya Mountains from India into China around 520 A.D.
His name is known as Bodhidharma (Daruma in Japanese). He
came to China to spread his philosophy of Buddhism. Bodhidharma
arrived in Honan ( Hunan ) province at the Shaolin temple,
only to find the monks practicing meditation, but in very weak
physical condition. In an effort to help the other monks withstand
many hours of meditation, he taught them breathing techniques and
several exercises to increase their stamina and build strength.
It is believed that these same exercises, which were derived from imitating animals, are the source of the Shaolin ch'uan-fa (fist law) or Shaolin Temple Boxing. Using these exercises, the monks were able to develop their spiritual and physical strength. The monks of the Shaolin temple were known throughout China for their courage and fortitude.
This temple is recognized by most martial artists as being the birthplace of gung-fu. And Bodhidharma is sometimes called Tamo or Da Mo, and is credited with originating gung-fu and karate. As these fighting skills became famous, they spread to nearby Fukien province, through tradesmen and merchants, and eventually to Okinawa. Okinawa, known as the RyuKyu islands, is situated southwest of the islands of Japan. Because of its strategic location between Japan and China, both nations vied for domination of the island. In the 14th century (1372) Okinawa became a Chinese satellite. It was during this time that ch'uan fa (fist law) was probably introduced. Chinese style fighting was greatly admired by the Okinawans, and they began to merge it with an existing native form of fighting called te (fist ), or bushi no te (warrior's hand). At that time, this hybrid Okinawan martial art was referred to by one of it's two names: To-de (Chinese hands) or Kara-te.
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Regarding the use of the name Kara-te: |
In
1429, an Okinawan by the name of Sho, Hashi united what was known as
the three kingdoms: Hokuzan (north), Chuzan (middle), and Nanzan
(south), and made his capital in the city of Shuri. In 1477, Sho,
Hashi was succeeded by another Okinawan by the name of Sho, Shin,
who put a stop to all feudalism on Okinawa, made all of the anji
(feudal lords) move to the capital city of Shuri and imposed a ban
on all weapons even rusty swords, by the peasant class. Sho-shin
encouraged people to focus on art and philosophy, so they might be
dissuaded from te. However, the martial art continued in
secrecy.
This was a good time for Okinawa. The Ryukyu kingdom expanded and prospered through trade with China, Asia, Korea, and Japan. Then, in 1609, the reigning king of the dynasty found himself obliged to outfit an army for sake of repelling an invasion of the islands that had been launched by Shimazu, the daimyo of the clan of Satsuma, who had been exiled from Japan. The newly armed Ryukyuan warriors fought with conspicuous bravery and gallantry against the soldiers of the Satsuma clan, known and feared throughout the country for their fighting skill, but, after Ryukyuan success in a few pitched battles, a surprise landing by Shimazu's forces sealed the fate both of the islands and of their monarch, who was forced to surrender. The Sansura clan of Japan invaded and took over control of Okinawa. Shimazu reissued the edict banning weapons.
Okinawan Ch'uan fa groups and To-de societies banded together to produce a solid front against the Japanese . Many Okinawans were secretly sent to China to learn fighting arts. Okinawa for many centuries engaged in trade with the people of Fukien province in southern China, and it is probably from this source that Chinese kempo ("boxing") was introduced into the islands. As well as empty handed fighting, the use of the Bo, Sai, Tonfa, Nunchaku, Kama, and other farm and household items were secretly developed into effective weapons with their own individual methods or system. Combined, these weapons systems are known as kobudo.
During
the 1700s, an officer called Sakugawa, who was in the
Okinawan Palace Guard, learned Chinese fighting from a Chinese
military officer, Kusanku, who arrived in Okinawa in 1761. At
this time of Japanese occupation, it was still permitted for some
Chinese attaches to come and go in Okinawa, for envoy purposes. It
was also allowed for the nobles or royal classes to practice To-te,
and it was definitely a requirement for the Royal Guard ).
Sakugawa traveled many times to China with Kusanku, and
learned to combine Ch'uan fa with te to form
Okinawan-te. In fact, Sakugawa's nick-name was "karate"
or To-te" Sakugawa ( sometimes spelled ' To-de' ),
which literally meant, "Chinese fist Sakugawa." The name
karate, in those days, meant, "Chinese hand". Later on in Japan, the
character for "Chinese," was changed to one meaning "empty," so the
new translation meant "empty hand." ( From Kusanku we have
the name of two high level
katas, Kusanku
Sho and Kusanku Dai, which is interesting because
Kusanku supposedly did not teach
kata! The
katas may have
been formed from the techniques taught by Kusanku).
In
1904, karate became even more popular with it's introduction to the
Okinawan public schools. The man responsible for this was Yatasune
"Anko" Itosu, who helped make karate part of the physical education
requirements. Yatasune "Anko" Itosu ( "Anko," means 'horse,' and
referred to the horse stance at which Itosu was superb in
demonstrating ) was an educator in Shuri, a south city in Okinawa.
Itosu was born in 1830 into a shizoku, or noble family. He
became an educator, but was also a learned master of karate. From
Itosu came the Pinan katas. These katas were stated by
one source as coming from the Kusanku kata, before it was
broken down into Sho ( lesser ) and Dai ( greater ).
However, another source says that Itosu learned a form from a
Chinese man, and the form was called "Chiang Nan" or ( Channan in
Okinawan pronunciation ) from which he produced the Pinan
katas.
Itosu taught anyone who wanted to learn, in contrast to some of the other masters, who would not permit a student to learn from more than one teacher. According to Gichin Funakoshi, student of Itosu and founder of Shotokan karate, Itosu was of average height, with a great round chest like a beer barrel. Despite his long moustache, he rather had the look of a well-behaved child. Itosu was so well trained that his entire body seemed to be invulnerable. Once, as he was about to enter a restaurant in Naha ( near Shuri), a sturdy young man attacked him from the rear, aiming a blow at his side. But Itosu, without even turning, hardened the muscles of his stomach so that the blow glanced off his body, and at the very same instant his right hand grasped the right wrist of his assailant. Still without turning his head, he calmly dragged the man inside the restaurant.
There, he ordered the frightened waitresses to bring food and wine. Still holding the man's wrist with his right hand, he took a sip of the wine from the cup that he held in his left hand, then pulled his assailant around in front of him and for the first time had a look at him. After a moment, he smiled and said, "I don't know what your grudge against me could be, but let's have a drink together!" The young man's astonishment at this behavior can easily be imagined.
Itosu had another famous encounter with a rash young man, this one the karate instructor of a certain Okinawan school. Belligerent by nature and full of pride at his strength, the youth had the rather unpleasant habit of lurking in dark lanes, and when a lonely walker happened to come strolling by, he would lash out at the poor soul. So self-confident did he finally become that he decided to take on Itosu himself, believing that, no matter how powerful the master was, he could be beaten if set upon unawares.
One night, he followed Itosu down the street and, after a stealthy approach, aimed his strongest punch at the master's back. Bewildered by the quite evident fact that he had made no impression whatsoever, the young bully lost his balance and at that same instant felt his right wrist caught in a viselike grip. Now Itosu had very strong hands, able to crush a thick bamboo stem in his bare hand, as attested by Funakoshi himself. The youth now tried to free himself with his other hand, but of course he did not succeed. Itosu now walked on, hauling the other behind him without even bothering to look back. Realizing that he had failed completely, the young man begged the master's forgiveness. "But who are you?" Itosu asked softly. "I'm Goro," replied the youth. Now Itosu looked at him for the first time. "Ah," he murmured, "you really shouldn't try to play such tricks on an old man like me," With that, he let go and strolled away.
Another time was from a well-known incident when Itosu was set upon by a group of young thugs, but before long the hoodlums were all lying unconscious in the street. An eyewitness, seeing that Itosu was in no danger, rushed off to tell Itosu's friend Azato what had transpired. Interrupting his account, Azato said, "And the ruffians, of course, were all lying unconscious, with their faces to the ground, were they not?" Much surprised, the witness admitted that that was true, but he wondered how Azato could have known. "Very simple," replied the master. "No karate adept would be so cowardly as to attack from the rear. And should someone unfamiliar with karate attack from the front, he would end up flat on his back. But I know Itosu; his punches would knock his assailants down on their faces. I would be quite astonished if any of them survive.
The
next development took place in 1922 at Tokyo and Osaka,
Japan. Two karate men, Funakoshi, Gichin and Motobu, Choki,
gave a demonstration of Okinawan karate for Japanese approval.
Funakoshi impressed the emperor Horohito so much, that by
1932, karate became part of the educational system of Japan. After
his demonstration, Funakoshi was asked to stay in Japan and
teach Okinawan karate-do. Even though it meant many years of
separation from his wife, Funakoshi agreed to stay and teach
at one of the local universities. The karate-do as
Funakoshi knew it would have to change in order for his Japanese
students to understand it's complexity. Stances were altered and
names of katas changed. His new system was titled Shoto-kan,
but Funakoshi disliked the name; he thought that all karate
should be the same.
At this time, the Okinawan martial art was referred to by one of it's two names: To-de (Chinese hands) or karate (Empty hands). The Okinawans wanted everyone to agree on one name, so during a meeting between Miyagi, Chojun; Hanashiro, Chomo; Motobu, Choki; and Kyan, Chotoku, the decision was made and one name was finally agreed upon. In 1936, the Okinawan martial art was given the name karate-do, meaning "an empty-handed self defense art", or "weaponless art of self defense." Some would even go on to call it kute-do, ku meaning "sky", which was associated with being "empty", and "te" of course meaning hand.
Master
Nakamura was born on Jan. 20, 1894. His karate training started
whilst in attendance of Icchu Middle School in Shuri. It was here
that both Kanryo Higashionna (1845-1915) and Chomo Hanashiro
(1830-1945) were the karate instructors. Yatasune Itosu (1830-1915)
as well as Kentsu Yabu (1863-1937) also made visits to the school.
Upon Graduation from middle school, Nakamura Sensei returned to Nago
city where he continued his training under Shinkichi Kunioshi,
the successor to the legendary Naha "Bushi"
Sakiyama. In 1953, Nakamura Sensei opened his own
dojo in Nago city where he called his form of karate
"Okinawa Kenpo". Later, Master Nakamura
gained additional fame for his introduction of "bogu gear",
protective equipment permitting full contact sparring.
DeValentino Shudokan Schools International (D.S.S.I.) is fortunate today to have a link to the past; Okinawa Kenpo and Kobudo Grand Master (Hanshi) Odo, Seikichi.. Master Odo was one of the worlds foremost weapons practitioners. D.S.S.I. Director, Shihan Sensei DeValentino, studied for several years under Hanshi Odo who personally awarded Sensei DeValentino his Renshi (teaching license) and his sixth degree Black Belt in 1997.
Seikichi
Odo, whose name means "world walker" in Japanese, was born in
Okinawa in 1923. Of samurai descent, he was small in stature and
introverted as a youth, making him the target of much teasing and
practical jokes by older boys. At age 9 Odo began his martial arts
training in Judo, but found it not to his particular tastes. At age
13 Odo met Koho Kuba of Kawasald, Okinawa. Kuba Sensei taught Odo
the art of Okinawa-te. At the age of 20, Odo began to study Okinawan
Kobudo. He was soon to fall in love with the weapons arts, and
studied them tediously to ensure the preservation of the old ways.
Over time, Odo's
kobudo instructors included many of the leading practitioners of
Okinawa, such as Mitsuo Kakazu, Kenko Nakaima, Shimpo Matayoshi and,
Seike Toma. At 23 Odo began to study karate under Nakamura Sensei.
Odo studied both
kobudo (with Mitsuo Kakazu) as well as karate and
kobudo with Seike Toma, whom was a senior student of Chotoku
Kyan (1880-1945). However, Odo Sensei still considers Master
Nakamura as his primary instructor as well as mentor.
It was during his studies with Master Nakamura that Nakamura Sensei asked Odo to incorporate the kobudo with Nakamura's own karate teachings. During the last few years of Nakamura's life, Odo began to undertake the teaching responsibilities of the dojo. Sensei Odo began to fully incorporate kobudo training with the Okinawa Kenpo Karate system in the mid 1970's. This produced a new system, the Okinawa Kenpo Karate-Kobudo Shudokan. The use of the word "shudokan" is important to the development of this traditional fighting art because it describes Master Odo's commitment to teaching. Defined, "shudokan" means "one way, keep straight, don't change."
Although Marcus resigned in 1998 as technical advisor from Odo sensei's federation (Ryukyu Hon Kenpo Kobujutsu Federation) of Okinawa Japan, he continues to independently preserve the ancient arts with honor as a International Director of the National Karate and Kobudo Federation.
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